Oligopoli merupakan pasar dengan produk homogen yang didalamnya terdapat beberapa perusahaan yang saling bersaing satu dengan lainnya. Salah satu strategi untuk memenangkan persaingan di pasar oligopoli adalah dengan cara mengubah jumlah produk yang dihasilkan. Jumlah produksi yang tinggi akan dapat menghemat beberapa beban pengeluaran seperti pembelian bahan baku, maintenance, listrik dan lain sebagainya, yang pada akhirnya itu semua akan dapat menurunkan harga jual di pasar. Sebaliknya, rendahnya output akan membuat harga sedikit lebih mahal, karena production cost yang tidak bisa ditekan.
Kita ambil contoh
misakan ada 3 perusahaan yang memproduksi pasta gigi, sebut saja perusahaan A, B, dan C. Perusahaan A memproduksi sebanyak 1000 tubes, kemudian perusahaan B memutuskan untuk memproduksi 2000 tubes, dan perusahaan C memutuskan untuk memproduksi 5000 tubes. Manajemen dari masing-masing perusahaan akan menghitung dan memutuskan sendiri berapa tubes yang dihasilkan agar laba yang didapatkan dapat mencapai tingkat yang maksimal, tanpa tergantung jumlah produksi dari perusahaan pesaing.
Nama model ini sendiri diambil dari pencetusnya yaitu Antoine Augustin Cournot seorang ahli matematika asal Prancis yang hidup antara tahun 1801 sd. 1877. Cornout terinspirasi setelah sebelumnya mengamati persaingan dalam model duopoli spring water. Ide Cournot ini selanjutnya diadopsi dan dipopulerkan Leon Walras seorang ekonom asal Swiss, yang banyak menjulukinya sebagai pendiri ekonomi matematika modern.
Karateristik model Cournot
- Terdapat lebih dari satu perusahaan, dengan masing-masing perusahan menghasilkan produk yang homogen.
- Produk yang dihasilkan identik atau terstandarisasi
- Banyaknya perusahaan dalam pasar bersifat tetap, tidak bertambah atau berkurang
- Tidak terjadi kolusi atau kerjasama perusahaan di dalam pasar
- Jumlah output produksi akan mempengaruhi harga barang
- Persaingan antar perusahaan dalam pasar adalah dalam hal kuantitas produksi
- Keputusan yang diambil perusahaan bersifat rasional dan logis
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