Kata ‘damage’ sendiri berarti kerusakan atau pada skala yang lebih luas artinya kehancuran atau kepunahan. Sementara kata ‘collateral’ umumnya digunakan dalam industri perbankan merujuk pada aset atau barang berharga yang dititipkan sementara waktu oleh debitur kepada kreditu sebagai agunan atau jaminan atas pinjaman yang dilakukan. Fungsi dari collateral ini adalah sebagai ‘alat’ pengaman utang, artinya ketika debitur mengalami gagal bayar atau default, maka kreditur selaku pemberi pinjaman memiliki hak untuk menguasai dan kemudian melikuidasi agunan atau jaminan yang diserahkan untuk kemudian digunakan melunasi utang yang tersisa.
Tentunya nilai dari collateral ini harus lebih tinggi dari besaran pinjaman, yang besarannya sesuai dengan standard yang dibuat oleh masing-masing bank, tapi hakikatnya sama, nilai pinjamannya harus lebih kecil dari nilai agunan, agar ketika nasabah tidak lagi memiliki kesanggupan bayar, aguanan akan bisa menutupi kekurangan dari pembayaran. Contohnya ketika seseorang berniat untuk meminjam sejumlah Rp 1 miliar, maka paling tidak ada aset yang dijaminkan setidaknya bernilai Rp 1,5 miliar, kalau lebih kecil tentu bank akan rugi donk jika nasabah ternyata gagal bayar, bener ngak...
Collateral walaupun secara manfaat lebih ke sisi pemberi pinjaman sebagai aset jaminan, akan tetapi pada sisi debitur juga tentu ada manfaatnya. Collateral memungkinkan debitur mendapatkan pembiayaan murah, artinya kalau ada jaminan, bank akan memberlakukan bunga rendah dengan plafon pinjaman sesuai dengan besaran nilai aset yang diagunkan. Berbeda dengan pinjaman tanpa agunan, bunganya lebih tinggi dan nilainya juga tergolong kecil, yang saya ketahui biasanya hanya untuk perorangan, bukan badan usaha. Beberapa aset yang sering dijadikaan objek collateral seperti sekuritas, logam mulia, tanah, property, mesin pabrik, kendaraan, hasil perkebunan atau peternakan, garansi, dan lain sebagainya.
Lantas, apa sebenarnya arti dari collateral damage ?
Jika diartikan secara sempit, collateral damage adalah kerusakan aset yang dijaminkan oleh debitur kepada kreditur. Ketika sebuah aset diserahkan untuk dititipkan sebagai jaminan, tentu ada tanggung jawab dari penerima untuk menjaga aset dengan sebaik-baiknya dan menyerahkannya kembali ketika utang piutang telah diselesaikan dengan baik. Kreditur selaku penerima titipan agunan ini harus menjaga agunan tersebut dengan sangat baik agar tidak terjadi kerusakan baik secara fisik ataupun nilai.
Lantas, apa sebenarnya arti dari collateral damage ?
Jika diartikan secara sempit, collateral damage adalah kerusakan aset yang dijaminkan oleh debitur kepada kreditur. Ketika sebuah aset diserahkan untuk dititipkan sebagai jaminan, tentu ada tanggung jawab dari penerima untuk menjaga aset dengan sebaik-baiknya dan menyerahkannya kembali ketika utang piutang telah diselesaikan dengan baik. Kreditur selaku penerima titipan agunan ini harus menjaga agunan tersebut dengan sangat baik agar tidak terjadi kerusakan baik secara fisik ataupun nilai.
Pada konteks yang lebih luas, collateral damage bukan hanya mengacu pada kreditur saja tapi juga debitur. Ini adalah soal dampak yang ditimbulkan oleh utang. Contoh ketika sebuah negara menerbitkan obligasi atau surat utang untuk mendapatkan pendanaan publik, maka dalam hal ini negara bukan hanya harus memberi jaminan untuk pembayaran pokok dan kupon, tapi juga menjamin bahwa tidak terjadi hal-hal negatif akibat utang yang diambil yang kedepannya dapat merugikan seluruh tatanan perekonomian negara. Ketika negara ternyata mengalami default, disinilah dikatakan telah terjadi collateral damage, bukan hanya merugikan kreditur tapi juga memberi efek domino bagi masyarakat lainnya karena tentu akan memberikan pengaruh negatif ke ekonomi.
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