Perdagangan algoritmik atau dikenal dengan algo trading adalah perdagangan yang dilakukan secara otomatis menggunakan perangkat lunak khusus perdagangan. Serangkaian kode program disusun secara sistematis terstruktur untuk melakukan penalaran, komputasi, dan proses data otomatis membuka dan menutup perdagangan berdasarkan input yang diberikan dan outpun yang dihasilkan.
Perangkat lunak perdagangan memuat instruksi-instruksi terdefinisi secara terstruktur, menjalankan prosedur dan fungsi, dimulai dari pemberian input, pemrosesan data, sehingga menghasilkan output atau keluaran. Dalam perdagangan seperti saham dan mata uang, perangkat lunak sederhana setidaknya menerima dua variabel masukan yaitu harga dan volume. Pada pemrograman yang lebih kompleks, beberapa indikator kustom turunan harga sering disertakan untuk membantu pedagang algoritmik untuk menciptakan sebuah sistem trading otomatis kompleks.
Perdagangan algoritmik mulai populer di tahun 1970-an setelah sistem perdagangan terkomputerisasi digunakan di pasar keuangan Amerika. Pada tahun 1976 sistem Designated Order Turnaround (DOT) diperkenalkan oleh bursa efek New York. Sistem DOT berfungsi merutekan pesanan trader ke lantai bursa. Seiring kemajuan dalam teknologi komputerisasi dan pemrograman, kemampuan perdagangan algoritmik mengotomatisasi pesanan semakin ditingkatkan dari tahun ke tahun, dan kini lebih dari 90% dari semua perdagangan sekuritas dan mata uang di seluruh dunia dilakukan dengan menggunakan komputer.
Perdagangan algoritmik adalah perdagangan otomatis, tidak ada beban psikologis pasar. Jual beli akan dilakukan secara otomatis berdasarkan komputasi data yang dilakukan. Output berupa posisi menjual atau membeli sekuritas. Komputasi, validasi, dan aksi dalam perangkat lunak trading dijalankan tanpa kompromi 24 jam selama perdagangan buka. Dengan perdagangan algoritmik, dimungkinkan untuk membuka puluhan, ratusan, bahkan ribuan perdagangan dalam hitungan detik yang dikenal dengan perdagangan frekuensi tinggi (high frequency trading).
Perdagangan algoritmik memberikan keuntungan dari sisi biaya dan waktu. Pesanan banyak dapat diproses dengan cepat. Kuantitas, kecepatan, dan ketepatan tanpa ada campur tangan manusia pada saat transaksi. Besarnya kuantitas transaksi akhirnya menciptakan likuiditas di pasar. Di sisi lain, kekurangan dari perdagangan algoritmik adalah potensi ‘penguapan’ likuiditas secara cepat, dapat mengacaukan suasana pasar, ketimpangan keseimbangan permintaan penawaran mendadak, membuat pedagangan kesempatan mendapatkan keuntungan dari perubahan harga hilang, bahkan kerugian besar pada pedagang eceran.
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